anatomy of ip addresses

first of all what is an ip address
an ip address is internet protocol address or an number assigned to every computer taking part in computer networks or internet.
today used ip address i.e. IPv6 has 128 bit addressing and previous version IPv4 has 32 bit addressing.Ip address performs mainly two function
1)identifying the host
2)identifying the network

Ip address is basically an binary number but it is used as an human readable text files like 192.168.000.111(IPv4) and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1(IPv6).
they are mainly classified in five classes
class A
class B
class C
class D
class E

Historical classful network architecture

Class	Leading address bits	Range of first octet	Network ID format	Host ID format	Number of networks	Number of addresses
A	0	0 - 127	a	b.c.d	27 = 128	224 = 16777216
B	10	128 - 191	a.b	c.d	214 = 16384	216 = 65536
C	110	192 - 223	a.b.c	d	221 = 2097152	28 = 256

class D uses multicast addressing and class E is not in use

now an easy way to determine the range of IP addresses is

class A  -- from 0 to 126

u have to keep this in mind only

then half it
half of 126 is 63
take next value i.e. 127 and add 63 in it
the resulting value is 191

so class B ranges from 127 to 191

after we get the range of class B

half the previous difference which is 63 n the result will be something like 31.5 take 31 out of it and add to 191 the result will be 223

so class C range will be from 192 to 223

now take the above difference which is 31 and divide it by 2 the result will be 15

so class D range will be from 224 to 239

and class E range will be from 240 to 255


now the division of ip address will be as


CLASS A

first 8 bits -->n/w id
last 24 bits -->host id

in CLASS B

first 16 bits--> n/w ID
last 16 bits -->host id

in CLASS C
first 24 bits--> n/w id
last 8 bits -->host id

CLASS D represent 32 bit multicast group ID
CLASS E is not in use


so above is the classification and representation of IP addresses in network.

now are the IP notations:

87.222.111.321 -------   this is decimal notation

5fd6179e --------- hexadecimal notation

1234326798   --------  DWORD value

11110000101000111010 ------ binary value


so above are the different representation of IP addresses.

not all the browsers accept all the above values.


so following are the different IP conversion techniques:

go to start-->run-->calc.exe

select hexadecimal value .and then copy and paste this hexadecimal value to the calculator input and select decimal

for binary select binary

for octal
select decimal
write 8 bit(3 digit)
select oct
write zero before and write it


IPv4 address

various diagnostic tools are:

Computer operating systems provide various diagnostic tools to examine their network interface and address configuration. Windows provides the command-line interface tools ipconfig and netsh and users of Unix-like systems can use ifconfig, netstat, route, lanstat, ifstat, or iproute2 utilities to accomplish the task.


so this is all about the ip anatomy and help me in creating more blogs by advertising it and giving your valuable feedbacks

thanks

Gaurav Kaushik
SKIET(kurukshetra)